Taekwondo

Taekwondo (juga dieja Tae Kwon Do, Taekwon-Do) adalah olahraga bela diri asal Korea yang juga populer di Indonesia, olah raga ini juga merupakan olahraga nasional Korea. Ini adalah seni bela diri yang paling banyak dimainkan di dunia^[rujukan?] dan juga dipertandingkan diOlimpiade. Taekwondo di Indonesia semakin populer sejak dipromosikan secara besar-besaran oleh Saseong Nim Daxon Joetandi (Dan VII Kukkiwon), seorang bankir profesional yang terkenal sebagai pemegang sabuk hitam termuda di Indonesia sejak berumur 7 tahun.

Dalam bahasa Korea, hanja untuk Tae berarti "menendang atau menghancurkan dengan kaki"; Kwon berarti "tinju"; dan Do berarti "jalan" atau "seni". Jadi, Taekwondo dapat diterjemahkan dengan bebas sebagai "seni tangan dan kaki" atau "jalan" atau "cara kaki dan kepalan". Popularitas taekwondo telah menyebabkan seni ini berkembang dalam berbagai bentuk. Seperti banyak seni bela diri lainnya, taekwondo adalah gabungan dari teknik perkelahian, bela diri, olahraga, olah tubuh, hiburan, dan filsafat.

Meskipun ada banyak perbedaan doktriner dan teknik di antara berbagai organisasi taekwondo, seni ini pada umumnya menekankan tendangan yang dilakukan dari suatu sikap bergerak, dengan menggunakan daya jangkau dan kekuatan kaki yang lebih besar untuk melumpuhlan lawan dari kejauhan. Dalam suatu pertandingan, tendangan berputar, 45 derajat, depan, kapak dan samping adalah yang paling banyak dipergunakan; tendangan yang dilakukan mencakup tendangan melompat, berputar, skip dan menjatuhkan, seringkali dalam bentuk kombinasi beberapa tendangan. Latihan taekwondo juga mencakup suatu sistem yang menyeluruh dari pukulan dan pertahanan dengan tangan, tetapi pada umumnya tidak menekankan grappling (pergulatan).

Tiga materi dalam latihan

1. Poomsae atau rangkaian jurus adalah rangkaian teknik gerakan dasar serangan dan pertahanan diri, yang dilakukan melawan lawan yang imajiner, dengan mengikuti diagram tertentu. Setiap diagram rangkaian gerakan poomse didasari oleh filosofi timur yang menggambarkan semangat dan cara pandang bangsa Korea.
2. Kyukpa atau teknik pemecahan benda keras adalah latihan teknik dengan memakai sasaran/obyek benda mati, untuk mengukur kemampuan dan ketepatan tekniknya. Obyek sasaran yang biasanya dipakai antara lain papan kayu, batu bata, genting, dan lain-lain. Teknik tersebut dilakukan dengan tendangan, pukulan, sabetan, bahkan tusukan jari tangan.
3. Kyoruki atau pertarungan adalah latihan yang mengaplikasikan teknik gerakan dasar atau poomse, dimana dua orang yang bertarung saling mempraktekkan teknik serangan dan teknik pertahanan diri.

[sunting]Filosofi sabuk pada Taekwondo

• Putih melambangkan kesucian, awal/dasar dari semua warna, permulaan. Di sini para taekwondoin mempelajari jurus dasar (gibon) 1
• Kuning melambangkan bumi,disinilah mulai ditanamkan dasar-dasar TKD dengan kuat.Mempelajari gibon 2 dan 3. Sebelum naik sabuk hijau biasanya naik ke sabuk kuning strip hijau terlebih dahulu.
• Hijau melambangkan hijaunya pepohonan, pada saat inilah dasar TKD mulai ditumbuhkembangkan.(mempelajari taeguk 2). Sebelum naik ke sabuk biru biasanya naik ke sabuk hijau strip biru terlebih dahulu.
• Biru melambangkan birunya langit yang menyelimuti bumi dan seisinya,memberi arti bahwa kita harus mulai mengetahui apa yang telah kita pelajari.(mempelajari taeguk 4). Sebelum naik sabuk merah biasanya naik ke sabuk biru strip merah terlebih dahulu.
• Merah melambangkan matahari artinya bahwa kita mulai menjadi pedoman bagi orang lain dan mengingatkan harus dapat mengontrol setiap sikap dan tindakan kita.(mempelajari taeguk 6). Sebelum naik sabuk hitam, biasanya naik ke sabuk merah strip dua dan merah strip satu dahulu. Maksud dari matahari adalah tingkaran di mana seorang sabuk merah memberi kehangatan atau dalam arti denotasi mulai memberi ilmu atau bimbingan.
• Hitam melambangkan akhir, kedalaman, kematangan dalam berlatih dan penguasaan diri kita dari takut dan kegelapan. Hitam memiliki tahapan dari Dan 1 hingga Dan 9. Juga melambangkan alam semesta.

[sunting]Terminologi Tae Kwon Do

1. Sabeum = Instruktur
2. Sabeum Nim = Instruktur Kepala
3. Seonbae = Senior
4. Hubae = Junior
5. Tae Kwon Do Junshin = Prinsip Ajaran Tae Kwon Do
6. Muknyeom = Meditasi
7. Dobok = Seragam Tae Kwon Do
8. Ti = Sabuk Latihan
9. Oen = Kiri
10. Oreon = Kanan
11. Joonbi = istirahat
12. Sijak = Mulai
13. Kalryeo = Stop (Sementara)
14. Keysok = Lanjutkan
15. Keuman = Selesai
16. A Nee = Tidak
17. Yee = Ya
18. Eolgol = Sasaran atas (Kepala)
19. Moumtong = Sasaran tengah (Badan/Ulu Hati)
20. Arae = Sasaran bawah (Pinggang kebawah)
21. Kyungrye = Hormat
22. Chariot = Mempersiapkan Diri
23. Nici= Sekian
24. Belci Ki Manisi = Tempat Istirahat
25. Menicip = Pengawas Taekwondo
26. Dobeon = Dua Kali
27. Sambeon = Tiga Kali
28. Illjang = Satu
29. Yeejang = Dua
30. Samjang = Tiga
31. Sahjang = Empat
32. Ohjang = Lima
33. Yukjang = Enam
34. Chiljang = Tujuh
35. Paljang = Delapan

[sunting]Pukulan, Tendangan, dan Tangkisan

[sunting]Pukulan

• Yeop Jireugi = Pukulan Samping
• Chi Jireugi = Pukulan Dari Bawah Keatas
• Dolryeo Jireugi = Pukulan Mengait
• Pyojeok Jireugi = Pukulan dengan Sasaran
• Momtong Jireugi = Pukulan Mengarah ke Tengah (Pukulan Mengarah ke Ulu Hati)
• Are Jireugi = Pukulan ke bawah
• Oreon Jireugi = Pukulan Dengan Tangan Kanan Yang Dilakukan Sambil Menendang (ap chagi)
• Eolgol Jireugi = Pukulan ke Atas (kulan Mengarah ke Kepala)
• Hengek = Menunduk
• Ap Joonbi = Siap
• Tumbuh Jireugi = Tumbuh Noh

[sunting]Tendangan

• Ap Chagi = Tendangan depan ke arah perut menggunakan kaki depan
• Dollyo Chagi = Tendangan dari arah samping
• Yeop Chagi = Tendangan samping menggunakan pisau kaki
• Dwi Chagi = Tendangan belakang
• Twieo Dwi Chagi = Tendangan belakang yang dilakukan sambil melompat
• Twieo Yeop Chagi = Tendangan samping yang dilakukan sambil melompat
• Goley/nare chagi = Tendangan ganda
• Sip Chagi An Chagi = Tendangan yang dilakukan sambil melompat dan tangkisan aremaki
• Penriyti Chagi = Tendangan keliling.
• Dwi Hurigi = Tendangan berputar melalui belakang.
• Del'o chigi = Tendangan mencangkul ke arah kepala menggunakan tumit

[sunting]Tangkisan

• Aremagi = Tangkisan ke arah bawah untuk menangkis tendangan
• Eolgol Ceceumaki = Tangkisan ke arah kepala
• Bakat Momtong Bakat Magi = Tangkisan dari arah dalam menggunakan bagian dalam lengan bawah.
• Bakat Momtong An Magi = Tangkisan dari arah dalam menggunakan bagian luar lengan bawah.
• An Magi = tangkisan dari arah luar.
• Bina Magi an magi = tangkisan yang dimulai dari lengan bawah dan saat masuk ke dalam harus melalui lengan atas.
• An palmok montong bakat magi = tangkisan ke arah lengan bawah
• Momtong An Makki (tangkisan ke tengah dari luar ke dalam)
• Momtong Bakkat Makki (tangkisan ke tengah dari dalam ke luar)
• Sonnal Momtong Makki (tangkisan ke tengah dengan pisau tangan)
• Batang Son Momtong An Makki (tangkisan ke tengah dari luar dengan bantalan telapak tangan)
• Kawi Makki (tangkisan menggunting)
• Sonnal Bitureo Makki (tangkisan melintir dengan satu pisau tangan)
• Hecho Makki (tangkisan ganda ke luar)
• Eotgoreo Arae Makki (tangkisan silang ke arah bawah)
• Wesanteul Makki (tangkisan ganda memotong arah bawah dan ke luar

Aaron Arthur Cook

Aaron Arthur Cook (born 2 January 1991 in Dorchester, Dorset, England) is a British taekwondo athlete who qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics, and is the current -80kg European Champion.

Education

Aaron attended Manor Park First School, St. Osmund's Middle School and the Thomas Hardye School, all in Dorchester. However, Cook never completed his GCSE examinations, as he was busy devoting his full efforts and concentration on achieving Olympic success. He has however said that he intends to return to full time education once his fighting career has ended.

Breakthrough to Seniors

Aaron made his breakthrough into Seniors at the 2007 Dutch Open Championships held in Einvedhon, aged just 16. Cook took bronze in his debut seniors competition, losing out to French athlete Torann Mazeroi 12-10 in the Quaters.

However just one week later Cook turned up at the German Open Championships in Bonn to take his maiden senior open title. In the final he defeated fellow team member Davoud Etminani in a really close battle with a finishing score of 12-11. He then went to compete and secured his place on the British team for the 2007 World Taekwondo  Championship at a closed door round robin competition held at Loughborough University. at the 2007 World Taekwondo Championship and on his debut he was drawn against Iceland in the first bout, He won on superiority over his opponent. In the second round he faced the toughest opponent of his very young career, Hadi Saei  of Iran who placed first at both the 2005 World Taekwondo Championships held in Madrid and the 2004 Olympics held in Athens. Aaron gave a good count of himself but could not pass the massively experienced Iranian with a final score of 11-6. Hadi Saei progressed through the tournament to the semi final where he lost on a technicallity to Afghanistan's Nesar Ahmad Bahavee.

Later in his debut year, Cook tried to qualify a spot for British team for the 2008 Olympic Games. By competing at the 2007 World Qualification Tournament held at the MEN Arena Manchester. In the first round he was faced against Ireland's Sean Joyce, Cook had a comfortable victory never really being pressured by the Irishman finishing the bout within the scheduled time 9-2. The same result occurred against Switzerland's Markus Jiskra a 9-2 scoreline ending the bout in favour of Cook. In the or the last 16 Cook faced a stiffer task against Philippines' Briones a stronger opponent physically pushed Cook harder than his previous opponents however Cook still secured a comfortable victory with a final score of 5-2. However in the Quarter Finals Cook's dream of qualification in front of a home crowd shattered as he faced Italian Mauro Sarmiento, with scores tied 3-3 going into the final round, Cook looked to draw his tall opponent in but received a kick to the temple knocking him to the mat. This opened up a lead for Mauro Sarmiento which Cook just could close with all his efforts as he simple pushed out of the distance with the long reach and advantage the Italian held. The bout finished 5-3 along with Cook's dreams of qualification in Manchester. Cook would have one more chance of qualification in European Qualification Tournament to be held inIstanbul, Turkey in January 2008

2008 Summer Olympics

In his Olympic debut he got off to a good start defeating Anju Jason representing the Marshall Islands, The Marshallese athlete is the first person in history to qualify for any Olympic Sport from the small islands. The match finished 7-0 in favour of Aaron Cook. The second match was against a higher class of competitor, he was due to fight Carlos Vasquez of Venezuela. Vasquez who is a former World Bronze Medalist from the 2005 World Taekwondo Championships where he also took the favourite and now reigning 4 time World Champion and Two Time Olympic Champion,Steven López of the USA to a decisive 4th round. however this match went in favour of Cook again ending the match at the end of the scheduled 3 rounds with a final score line of 5-2.

In the semi-finals however Aaron Cook suffered a tall task as he was due to fight 6 ft 5in Italian Mauro Sarmiento. The two fought before at the 2007 World Taekwondo Qualification Tournament in the MEN Arena Manchester last September. They fought at the quarter final stage in that tournament where victory was landed with Mauro Sarmiento after a head shot knocked Cook to the mat, the final score was 5-3. However at the end of the 3 rounds with just 5 secs to go, the scores were locked at 5-5. Cook who had never taken a match to sudden death, launched his final assault, throwing two body blows to the trunk protector of Mauro Sarmiento which he believed had scored. However a kick by Sarmiento which Cook believed had hit his arm was scored and no points were awarded for his own attack, leaving a final score 6-5 in favour of Mauro Sarmiento.

After a defeat in the semi finals this had placed Cook in the Bronze Medal Match of the Repecharge against the home crowds hope Zhu Guo of China. Cook looked to have put behind him the lows of his defeat from the semi final match with an alleged head shot which once again was unawarded by the referees. Cook looked to Mexican referee Rosa Adam who was standing just 1 metre away to stop the contest for a judge discussion but to no avail. After a series body blows to the chest of Zhu Guo and another alleged head shot going unawarded and couple of minor deductions Cook found himself 2-(-1) behind at the end of two rounds. Aaron finally got on the score card with a 360 turning kick and another shot to the chest, closing the gap 3-1. However, counter attacking Zhu Guo extended his lead as Cook tried to sell another point unawarded by the four corner judges. The contest closed with much displeasure to Cook.^[2] Cook was later baffled that a protest was not lodged against the result by his supporting team.

Aaron speaking after his defeat against China:

"I am so gutted. I came so close. I thought the scoring was absolutely horrendous. I don't know what the judges were looking at, they must have been looking in the crowd. 'I never tried so much in a match, and it still wasn't enough, and then I didn't know what I had to do. I am miles better than that guy. The crowd didn't affect me, but it must have affected the scoring. 'I can't believe the scoring. Words can't explain how absolutely gutted I am to come so close to a medal. I had the right tactics. I'd have been five to six points ahead in any other taekwondo fight."^[3]

World Taekwondo Tour 2009 Mexico

In the men’s -80 kg final match, Cook came from behind to defeat the United States’ Steven López with a KO victory. In the second round of the final match, he sent Lopez, the five-time world champion and two-time Olympic medalist, to the floor with a headshot. After winning £17,880 Cook said "To beat the world champion makes it the greatest win in my career so far. It is amazing to take gold." ^[4]

[edit]

2012 Summer Olympics

Prior to the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Cook was involved in controversy relating to selection for the games. Although ranked number one in the world, Cook was overlooked for world ranked 59th, Lutalo Muhammad. With Cook considering legal action after being overlooked his agent said "If the British world number one and reigning European Champion does not compete, it will be a national disgrace". "This is an embarrassment not only for the sport of taekwondo internationally, but also for Great Britain's international reputation in hosting the London 2012 Games."^[5]Team GB performance director Gary Hall commented on the controversy by saying that "In some ways, Aaron has a bigger marketing machine than the whole of GB Taekwondo."^[6] Women's world champion Sarah Stevenson also defended the selection, saying that "To be world number one on a rankings system is not what taekwondo is, it doesn't mean you're the best in the world. I don't even care or know what ranking I am, and people need to realise this. It's really unfair that GB Taekwondo are getting criticised for not picking a world number one